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Amazon AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty Sample Questions (Q288-Q293):
NEW QUESTION # 288
A gaming company has launched an online game where people can start playing for free but they need to pay if they choose to use certain features The company needs to build an automated system to predict whether or not a new user will become a paid user within 1 year The company has gathered a labeled dataset from 1 million users The training dataset consists of 1.000 positive samples (from users who ended up paying within 1 year) and
999.000 negative samples (from users who did not use any paid features) Each data sample consists of 200 features including user age, device, location, and play patterns Using this dataset for training, the Data Science team trained a random forest model that converged with over
99% accuracy on the training set However, the prediction results on a test dataset were not satisfactory.
Which of the following approaches should the Data Science team take to mitigate this issue? (Select TWO.)
- A. Change the cost function so that false negatives have a higher impact on the cost value than false positives
- B. Add more deep trees to the random forest to enable the model to learn more features.
- C. Change the cost function so that false positives have a higher impact on the cost value than false negatives
- D. indicate a copy of the samples in the test database in the training dataset
- E. Generate more positive samples by duplicating the positive samples and adding a small amount of noise to the duplicated data.
Answer: A,E
Explanation:
The Data Science team is facing a problem of imbalanced data, where the positive class (paid users) is much less frequent than the negative class (non-paid users). This can cause the random forest model to be biased towards the majority class and have poor performance on the minority class. To mitigate this issue, the Data Science team can try the following approaches:
* C. Generate more positive samples by duplicating the positive samples and adding a small amount of noise to the duplicated data. This is a technique called data augmentation, which can help increase the size and diversity of the training data for the minority class. This can help the random forest model learn more features and patterns from the positive class and reduce the imbalance ratio.
* D. Change the cost function so that false negatives have a higher impact on the cost value than false positives. This is a technique called cost-sensitive learning, which can assign different weights or costs to different classes or errors. By assigning a higher cost to false negatives (predicting non-paid when the user is actually paid), the random forest model can be more sensitive to the minority class and try to minimize the misclassification of the positive class.
Bagging and Random Forest for Imbalanced Classification
Surviving in a Random Forest with Imbalanced Datasets
machine learning - random forest for imbalanced data? - Cross Validated Biased Random Forest For Dealing With the Class Imbalance Problem
NEW QUESTION # 289
A data scientist is training a text classification model by using the Amazon SageMaker built-in BlazingText algorithm. There are 5 classes in the dataset, with 300 samples for category A, 292 samples for category B, 240 samples for category C, 258 samples for category D, and 310 samples for category E.
The data scientist shuffles the data and splits off 10% for testing. After training the model, the data scientist generates confusion matrices for the training and test sets.
What could the data scientist conclude form these results?
- A. The dataset is too small for holdout cross-validation.
- B. The model is overfitting for classes B and E.
- C. Classes C and D are too similar.
- D. The data distribution is skewed.
Answer: B
Explanation:
A confusion matrix is a matrix that summarizes the performance of a machine learning model on a set of test data. It displays the number of true positives (TP), true negatives (TN), false positives (FP), and false negatives (FN) produced by the model on the test data1. For multi-class classification, the matrix shape will be equal to the number of classes i.e for n classes it will be nXn1. The diagonal values represent the number of correct predictions for each class, and the off-diagonal values represent the number of incorrect predictions for each class1.
The BlazingText algorithm is a proprietary machine learning algorithm for forecasting time series using causal convolutional neural networks (CNNs). BlazingText works best with large datasets containing hundreds of time series. It accepts item metadata, and is the only Forecast algorithm that accepts related time series data without future values2.
From the confusion matrices for the training and test sets, we can observe the following:
The model has a high accuracy on the training set, as most of the diagonal values are high and the off-diagonal values are low. This means that the model is able to learn the patterns and features of the training data well.
However, the model has a lower accuracy on the test set, as some of the diagonal values are lower and some of the off-diagonal values are higher. This means that the model is not able to generalize well to the unseen data and makes more errors.
The model has a particularly high error rate for classes B and E on the test set, as the values of M_22 and M_55 are much lower than the values of M_12, M_21, M_15, M_25, M_51, and M_52. This means that the model is confusing classes B and E with other classes more often than it should.
The model has a relatively low error rate for classes A, C, and D on the test set, as the values of M_11, M_33, and M_44 are high and the values of M_13, M_14, M_23, M_24, M_31, M_32, M_34, M_41, M_42, and M_43 are low. This means that the model is able to distinguish classes A, C, and D from other classes well.
These results indicate that the model is overfitting for classes B and E, meaning that it is memorizing the specific features of these classes in the training data, but failing to capture the general features that are applicable to the test data. Overfitting is a common problem in machine learning, where the model performs well on the training data, but poorly on the test data3. Some possible causes of overfitting are:
The model is too complex or has too many parameters for the given data. This makes the model flexible enough to fit the noise and outliers in the training data, but reduces its ability to generalize to new data.
The data is too small or not representative of the population. This makes the model learn from a limited or biased sample of data, but fails to capture the variability and diversity of the population.
The data is imbalanced or skewed. This makes the model learn from a disproportionate or uneven distribution of data, but fails to account for the minority or rare classes.
Some possible solutions to prevent or reduce overfitting are:
Simplify the model or use regularization techniques. This reduces the complexity or the number of parameters of the model, and prevents it from fitting the noise and outliers in the data. Regularization techniques, such as L1 or L2 regularization, add a penalty term to the loss function of the model, which shrinks the weights of the model and reduces overfitting3.
Increase the size or diversity of the data. This provides more information and examples for the model to learn from, and increases its ability to generalize to new data. Data augmentation techniques, such as rotation, flipping, cropping, or noise addition, can generate new data from the existing data by applying some transformations3.
Balance or resample the data. This adjusts the distribution or the frequency of the data, and ensures that the model learns from all classes equally. Resampling techniques, such as oversampling or undersampling, can create a balanced dataset by increasing or decreasing the number of samples for each class3.
References:
Confusion Matrix in Machine Learning - GeeksforGeeks
BlazingText algorithm - Amazon SageMaker
Overfitting and Underfitting in Machine Learning - GeeksforGeeks
NEW QUESTION # 290
A credit card company wants to build a credit scoring model to help predict whether a new credit card applicant will default on a credit card payment. The company has collected data from a large number of sources with thousands of raw attributes. Early experiments to train a classification model revealed that many attributes are highly correlated, the large number of features slows down the training speed significantly, and that there are some overfitting issues.
The Data Scientist on this project would like to speed up the model training time without losing a lot of information from the original dataset.
Which feature engineering technique should the Data Scientist use to meet the objectives?
- A. Run self-correlation on all features and remove highly correlated features
- B. Cluster raw data using k-means and use sample data from each cluster to build a new dataset
- C. Use an autoencoder or principal component analysis (PCA) to replace original features with new features
- D. Normalize all numerical values to be between 0 and 1
Answer: C
Explanation:
The best feature engineering technique to speed up the model training time without losing a lot of information from the original dataset is to use an autoencoder or principal component analysis (PCA) to replace original features with new features. An autoencoder is a type of neural network that learns a compressed representation of the input data, called the latent space, by minimizing the reconstruction error between the input and the output. PCA is a statistical technique that reduces the dimensionality of the data by finding a set of orthogonal axes, called the principal components, that capture the maximum variance of the data. Both techniques can help reduce the number of features and remove the noise and redundancy in the data, which can improve the model performance and speed up the training process. References:
AWS Machine Learning Specialty Exam Guide
AWS Machine Learning Training - Dimensionality Reduction for Machine Learning AWS Machine Learning Training - Deep Learning with Amazon SageMaker
NEW QUESTION # 291
A company uses camera images of the tops of items displayed on store shelves to determine which items were removed and which ones still remain. After several hours of data labeling, the company has a total of
1,000 hand-labeled images covering 10 distinct items. The training results were poor.
Which machine learning approach fulfills the company's long-term needs?
- A. Attach different colored labels to each item, take the images again, and build the model
- B. Reduce the number of distinct items from 10 to 2, build the model, and iterate
- C. Convert the images to grayscale and retrain the model
- D. Augment training data for each item using image variants like inversions and translations, build the model,
Answer: C
Explanation:
and iterate.
NEW QUESTION # 292
An agency collects census information within a country to determine healthcare and social program needs by province and city. The census form collects responses for approximately 500 questions from each citizen Which combination of algorithms would provide the appropriate insights? (Select TWO )
- A. The factorization machines (FM) algorithm
- B. The Random Cut Forest (RCF) algorithm
- C. The Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm
- D. The k-means algorithm
- E. The principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
The agency wants to analyze the census data for population segmentation, which is a type of unsupervised learning problem that aims to group similar data points together based on their attributes. The agency can use a combination of algorithms that can perform dimensionality reduction and clustering on the data to achieve this goal.
Dimensionality reduction is a technique that reduces the number of features or variables in a dataset while preserving the essential information and relationships. Dimensionality reduction can help improve the efficiency and performance of clustering algorithms, as well as facilitate data visualization and interpretation. One of the most common algorithms for dimensionality reduction is principal component analysis (PCA), which transforms the original features into a new set of orthogonal features called principal components that capture the maximum variance in the data. PCA can help reduce the noise and redundancy in the data and reveal the underlying structure and patterns.
Clustering is a technique that partitions the data into groups or clusters based on their similarity or distance. Clustering can help discover the natural segments or categories in the data and understand their characteristics and differences. One of the most popular algorithms for clustering is k-means, which assigns each data point to one of k clusters based on the nearest mean or centroid. K-means can handle large and high-dimensional datasets and produce compact and spherical clusters.
Therefore, the combination of algorithms that would provide the appropriate insights for population segmentation are PCA and k-means. The agency can use PCA to reduce the dimensionality of the census data from 500 features to a smaller number of principal components that capture most of the variation in the data. Then, the agency can use k-means to cluster the data based on the principal components and identify the segments of the population that share similar characteristics.
References:
Amazon SageMaker Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Amazon SageMaker K-Means Algorithm
NEW QUESTION # 293
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